(public posters)
Enterprises return to work and production is on the way
To ensure the safety and health of employees
Do a good job in workshop, office building, dormitory area and other places
And the disinfection of people is very important
How to use all kinds of disinfectants safely in Enterprises
These problems must be paid special attention to
Common chemical disinfectants
And precautions for safe use
One
alcohol disinfectant
The common alcohol disinfectants are ethanol and isopropanol. 95% alcohol can coagulate the protein coated on the surface of bacteria rapidly and form a protective film to prevent alcohol from entering the body of bacteria, so it can't kill bacteria completely. If the alcohol concentration is lower than 70%, although it can enter the bacteria, it can not coagulate the protein in the body, nor can it completely kill the bacteria. Only 70% - 75% alcohol can enter bacteria smoothly and coagulate the protein effectively, so it can kill bacteria completely. Therefore, who recommends 70% - 75% ethanol as hand disinfectant. Alcohol is not suitable for large area disinfection.
Precautions for safe use
Alcohol is a flammable and volatile liquid. When the alcohol content in the air reaches 19% and the temperature is equal to or higher than 13 ℃, it will flash when encountering Mars. Remember to keep away from the fire when using. Before use, the surrounding inflammables and combustibles shall be completely removed. During use, they shall not touch or be close to the open fire.
After use, the upper cover of the container must be closed, and it is strictly prohibited to open it. The used towel and other cloth cleaning tools shall be cleaned with a large amount of clear water after use, and then stored in a sealed place, or dried in a ventilated place.
When alcohol disinfection is needed, small bottles of alcohol (≤ 500ml) can be used. Be careful not to hoard alcohol. Alcohol containers must be reliably sealed. It is strictly prohibited to use containers without covers. Keep away from fire and heat source during storage. The temperature should not exceed 30 ℃ to prevent direct sunlight.
A simple method of alcohol fire extinguishing. Covering fire with wet cloth and cutting off oxygen are the most reliable methods to put out alcohol fire. In practical operation, it is better to wet the cover in advance when conditions permit. It is better to use a wet cloth with a large coverage, and there should be no quick beating action when extinguishing the fire. Once burned, the first thing is to put out the fire. The correct measures should include the following: first, take off the clothes immediately. Clothes stained with alcohol have become combustibles. The fastest way to remove clothing and heat source can minimize damage and consequences. Second, avoid shouting. Shouting can cause severe respiratory burns when the head and face are surrounded by flames. Respiratory burn is one of the three major causes of death in burn patients. Third, try to put out the fire. The fire shall be extinguished by rolling on site or at least suppressed to reduce the damage.
Two
84 disinfectant
84 disinfectant is a kind of chlorine containing disinfectant. It is a disinfectant with sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) as the main effective component. It is suitable for disinfecting the surface of general objects, white clothes and hospital polluted articles. NaClO has strong oxidizability, can be used as bleaching agent, can oxidize reducing substances and make them denatured, so it can play a role in disinfection. Disinfectant 84 has sensitization, corrosiveness and can cause burns to human body. The free chlorine released by the disinfectant may cause poisoning. The item does not burn.
Precautions for safe use
84 disinfectant is irritant and corrosive to some extent. It can only be used after being diluted (according to the instructions). Gloves should be worn to avoid contact with skin.
84 disinfectant has strong bleaching and corrosiveness, corrodes metals and bleaches fabrics. Must be used for disinfection of clothing when the concentration should be low, immersion time should not be too long.
84 disinfectant is a kind of chlorine containing disinfectant, and chlorine is a volatile gas. Therefore, the container containing disinfectant must be covered well, otherwise it will lose efficacy quickly, and it can not reach the effect of disinfection. It is suitable to use the disinfectant now, once used, do not dilute it with hot water above 50 ℃.
Do not mix 84 disinfectant with other detergents or disinfectants, because it will increase the concentration of chlorine in the air and cause chlorine poisoning. In particular, jiechuanling (generally containing hydrochloric acid) and 84 disinfectant must not be used together, otherwise it will cause chemical reaction, produce toxic gas (chlorine), light may cause cough, chest tightness, etc., heavy may cause dyspnea, or even death. Therefore, when cleaning the toilet and toilet, the two items should be used separately. You can use the toilet cleaner to brush once, wash it with water, and then use the diluted 84 disinfectant to wash it once.
Three
peracetic acid
Peracetic acid is a kind of high-efficiency peroxide disinfectant. The gas and solution of peracetic acid have a strong bactericidal ability, which can kill bacteria, mycobacteria, bacterial spores, fungi, algae and viruses, and can also destroy bacterial toxins. Its bactericidal effect is stronger than that of hydrogen peroxide, and its bactericidal effect is rapid. Peracetic acid, also known as peracetic acid, is a colorless and transparent liquid, which is volatile and has a pungent smell. It is a strong oxidant, with strong corrosiveness, bleaching effect, unstable property and easy decomposition. The hydrolysis products of peracetic acid are acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide. Therefore, peracetic acid is a mixed aqueous solution, containing not only peracetic acid, but also hydrogen peroxide, acetic acid, sulfuric acid, etc.
Peracetic acid can be sterilized by soaking, spraying, spraying and wiping. Peracetic acid on the market is an aqueous solution of peracetic acid with stabilizer. The concentration is generally 20%. Dilute it to the concentration before disinfection. Another dosage form is binary packaging: put the ice vinegar with catalyst sulfuric acid in one bottle, hydrogen peroxide in another bottle, and sell two bottles together. Before use, mix the two bottles of liquid and leave for more than 2 hours to produce peracetic acid of predetermined concentration.
Precautions for safe use
Make sure to use the concentration. Due to the instability of peracetic acid solution, it should be stored in a cool and ventilated place, or prepared at any time when it is used, and the effective content should be measured before use; the diluent should be prepared with distilled water or deionized water, and it should not be stored for more than two days at room temperature.
Not for floor disinfection. Peracetic acid has obvious damage to marble, terrazzo and other materials. Do not wipe the ground with its aqueous solution.
Peracetic acid is corrosive to metals. It is better to use plastic products to prepare containers for disinfectant. When preparing peracetic acid, it should not be mixed with alkali or organic substances, so as to avoid violent decomposition or even explosion. After the metal equipment and natural textile are soaked and sterilized, the medicine should be washed with clear water as soon as possible.
The high concentration liquid medicine has strong corrosiveness and irritancy. When using it, be careful not to splash it into the eyes or on the skin. In case of splashing, wash with water immediately.
It needs to be mentioned here that the effect of air disinfection in the control of respiratory infectious diseases is limited, which is significant in the final disinfection of confirmed cases or suspected cases after transfer. It is recommended that professional health personnel use peracetic acid or hydrogen peroxide for disposal or mobile ultraviolet disinfection for disposal when there is no one. Air disinfection can not prevent the virus droplets discharged by patients at any time from passing to the susceptible people in close contact, so personal protection is also very important.
Four
Biguanides and quaternary ammonium disinfectants
These compounds can change the permeability of bacterial cell membrane, make the cytoplasmic substance permeate, hinder its metabolism and play a killing role. Biguanidine is a kind of low efficiency disinfectant, which has strong bactericidal effect on bacterial reproduction, but it can not kill the spores, mycobacteria and virus of bacteria. It can be used to disinfect the skin and mucous membrane, and also to disinfect the surface of objects. Commonly used are chlorhexidine (chlorhexidine) and washable leather.
Biguanidine and quaternary ammonium disinfectants are often compounded with other disinfectants to improve their germicidal efficacy and speed. They are dissolved in ethanol to enhance their germicidal efficacy and used for disinfection of non key items and hand skin in hospitals. For example, chlorhexidine alcohol disinfectant is a commonly used disinfectant for skin and mucous membrane. Because of its wide range of sterilization, simple synthesis, low toxicity, low cost, stable performance, difficult to decompose by heating and convenient use, it has been widely used.
Five
Iodine containing disinfectant
The disinfectants containing iodine include tincture of iodine and povidone iodine. Tincture of iodine is a main disinfectant in the early stage because of its simple process and easy to make. But it has been gradually replaced by Iodophor, which has good stability and little irritation, because of its irritancy and corrosiveness. Iodophor is an unstable complex of iodine and surfactant. When it contacts with cells and bacteria, it can release free iodine. The free iodine can penetrate the cell wall quickly. Depending on the precipitation and halogenation of element iodine, it combines with hydroxyl, amino and hydrocarbon groups on amino acids of proteins, resulting in protein denaturation precipitation, halogenation and loss of biological activity.
The commonly used concentration of tincture is 2%, and the concentration of povidone iodine is 0.3% ~ 0.5%. They can halogenate pathogen protein and cause its death. Iodine containing disinfectant can kill the germs, fungi and some viruses. It is mostly used for the disinfection of skin and mucous membrane. Hospitals usually use it for the disinfection of hand skin, but like alcohol containing disinfectant, it can not kill the germs or bacterial spores.
Six
Aldehyde disinfectant
Aldehyde disinfectants mainly include formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde. This kind of disinfectant is a kind of active alkylating agent, which can act on the amino, carboxyl, hydroxyl and sulfhydryl groups in the pathogen protein, thus destroying the protein molecules and causing its death.
Formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde can kill all kinds of pathogens. Because they can stimulate, solidify and sensitize human skin and mucous membrane, they can not be used for disinfection of air and tableware. Pharmaceutical enterprises often use formaldehyde fumigation to disinfect the environment in clean areas. In recent years, some enterprises have adopted the method of hydrogen peroxide vapor (VHP) instead of formaldehyde fumigation.
Seven
Phenol disinfectant
Phenol disinfectant has a history of 100 years. It used to be one of the main disinfectants in hospitals, which played an important role in preventing and controlling the spread of diseases. Phenols are hydroxyl derivatives of aromatic hydrocarbons. At high concentrations, phenols can break through cell walls, make bacterial proteins agglutinate and precipitate, and kill cells quickly; at low concentrations, they can make bacterial enzyme system lose activity, leading to cell death.
Phenol disinfectant is a kind of acid compound, which is weak acidic, generally has a special aromatic smell, and is easy to be oxidized in the environment. Therefore, it should be avoided to contact with alkaline substances in the use process. Its representative products are phenol, coal phenol soap solution, hexachlorophenol, p-chloro-m-xylenol, etc. The common soap of coal phenol, also known as Lysol, is mainly composed of methyl phenol. Halogenated phenol can enhance the bactericidal effect of phenol. For example, trichlorohydroxydiphenyl ether has been widely used in clinical disinfection and antisepsis.
Eight
ethylene oxide
Ethylene oxide, also known as ethylene oxide, is a highly effective disinfectant. It does not corrode metals and has no residual smell. It can kill bacteria (and its internal spores), molds and fungi. It has strong penetrability. It is often used in leather, plastic, medical devices, medical supplies after packaging for disinfection or sterilization, and no damage to most of the items. For example, it is used for the disinfection of precision instruments and valuables, especially because it has no effect on the color of paper, and is often used for the disinfection of books and text archives.
Ethylene oxide is toxic, carcinogenic, irritant and sensitizing, which belongs to flammable and explosive chemicals, so it is not common in daily life disinfection. In case of accidental contact with human body, it shall be handled immediately.
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